Pope Benedict XVI’s first "social" encyclical breaks new ground on social issues, commentators say.
By Nancy Frazier O’Brien Catholic News Service
WASHINGTON (CNS) — Pope Benedict XVI’s new encyclical, "Caritas in Veritate" ("Charity in Truth"), breaks new ground on such topics as microfinancing, intellectual property rights, globalization and the concept of putting one’s wealth at the service of the poor, according to Catholic scholars and church leaders.
In interviews with Catholic News Service and in statements about the encyclical released July 7 at the Vatican, commentators said the more than 30,000-word document takes on a variety of issues not previously addressed in such a comprehensive way.
"I was surprised … at how wide-ranging it is," said Kirk Hanson, a business ethics professor at Santa Clara University in California and executive director of the Jesuit-run university’s Markkula Center for Applied Ethics. "It’s not just an updating of ‘Populorum Progressio’" ("The Progress of Peoples"), the 1967 social encyclical by Pope Paul VI, he added.
Hanson said he also was struck by Pope Benedict’s concept of "gratuitousness" or "giftedness," which reminds people "not to consider wealth ours alone" and asks the wealthy to "be ready to put (their money) in service for the good of others."
The encyclical is "a plea for the wealthiest on the planet to put their wealth toward the development of peoples," he said. "In many ways, (Microsoft founder and philanthropist) Bill Gates would be the poster child for this document."
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has donated billions of dollars for health and development programs worldwide, as well as for education and housing programs in the United States.
Terrence W. Tilley, who chairs the theology department at Jesuit-run Fordham University in New York and is immediate past president of the Catholic Theological Society of America, said one unique aspect of the encyclical is Pope Benedict’s "vision that all flows from the love of God."
"It’s unusual as a theological reflection on social justice," he said. "But that’s what holds it all together."
Tilley said the encyclical makes a "pedagogical attempt to get people out of the mindset that charity is just giving money to those poor people over there." The pope rejects such a "dismissive attitude," he said.
The Fordham professor also said he was "delighted to see the strength with which (Pope Benedict) supports labor organizations." But the pope also stresses "the responsibility of both management … and labor to take care of and be responsible to other than their own constituencies," he added.
The current president of the Catholic Theological Society of America, Father Bryan N. Massingale, called the encyclical "a welcome contribution to the discussion of how Christians should think and act in a global economy."
An associate professor of theological ethics at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Father Massingale said the encyclical’s "most challenging insight … is its repeated criticism of the short-term thinking and profit-making that has dominated our financial markets and political discussions on the economy."
Pope Benedict’s "support for the longer view, as well as for active participation in the political process to ensure that financial markets serve the needs of all, and not simply those with access to wealth, will definitely challenge the usual political discourse in this country, if we have the courage to take his call seriously," he added.
Father Massingale, a Milwaukee archdiocesan priest, also said that, although the pope’s support for the labor movement "is hardly surprising to those familiar with Catholic social teaching, the force with which Benedict reaffirms the role of labor unions in the pursuit of economic justice is unmistakable."
John Sweeney, a Catholic who is president of the AFL-CIO, said "Caritas in Veritate" "reaffirms the need for exploited and marginalized workers to have the freedom to come together and form unions to bargain and negotiate for a better life."
"We stand with the Catholic Church in the belief that when workers can form unions they lift up their communities and nations and create a culture of dignity and respect for all workers," Sweeney added.
But Father Massingale noted that the encyclical also "calls upon unions to adopt a more international perspective in light of the global mobility of labor" — a call that the theologian said "could spur creative thought in revitalizing movements for worker justice."
Bishop Michael P. Driscoll of Boise, Idaho, said the encyclical will be particularly helpful in these "difficult times for the poor in Idaho or anywhere around the world."
"The Holy Father, who has seen the terrible toll these times have taken, has given us a new vision on which to build a just economy, where all can thrive, not merely the rich and powerful," he said. "We cannot achieve true prosperity unless it is built upon a foundation of justice and care for all, including the poor."
In a different part of the country, Archbishop Allen H. Vigneron of Detroit said people in southeast Michigan "are living through profound changes in the social and economic fabric of our community."
"All of us citizens, and especially our leaders, need to make wise and farsighted decisions in order to lay the foundation for the better future we want to hand on to succeeding generations," he said. "The Holy Father’s new encyclical, as the latest application of the church’s social teaching, offers an important resource for us in the great project we are engaged in."
Archbishop Donald W. Wuerl of Washington said the encyclical is "very welcome and particularly timely as our political and economic leaders struggle to address the devastating global economic crisis."
The document also notes that "responsibility does not stop at a nation’s borders nor does it fall solely to political leaders," the archbishop said. "Universal human truths about human dignity transcend geographic, economic and political boundaries."
Cardinal Francis E. George of Chicago, president of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, said the encyclical provides helpful guidance for finding answers to the social, economic and moral questions of the contemporary world in a search for truth.
The document offers sound reflections on the vocation of human development as well as on the moral principles on which a global economy must be based, he added.
"This encyclical offers a powerful warning to the modern world — especially the West," said Steve Schneck, director of the Life Cycle Institute at The Catholic University of America in Washington. "It speaks to the dangers of commerce, popular culture and technology unhinged from a vision for the common good informed by charity."
Vincent Miller, associate professor of theology at Georgetown University in Washington, said Pope Benedict "rejects the dominant vision of economics as abstract, technological efficiency" and "calls for a revisioning of economics as an essentially moral undertaking."
"His complex thought does not fit easily into our political map, but there is no doubt that Benedict is much more critical of contemporary economics than any political party in our country," added Miller, who was recently named to the Gudorf chair in Catholic theology and culture at the University of Dayton in Ohio.
Andrew Abela, an associate professor of marketing who chairs the department of business and marketing at Catholic University, said the pope’s main message is "that spiritual development is essential to development, and that ‘even in the most difficult and complex times, besides recognizing what is happening, we must above all else turn to God’s love.’"
"I hope this core message is not drowned out in the politicizing of this encyclical that will inevitably happen," he added.
Abela said he was "intrigued by the pope putting forward the example" of Economy of Communion, a project launched in 1991 by Focolare movement founder Chiara Lubich that brings together more than 700 companies worldwide committed to pursuing a "higher goal" than just profit.
"I think that the Economy of Communion has the potential to revolutionize the relationship between workers and employers in positive ways," he added.
Officials of International Cooperation for Development and Solidarity, an international alliance of Catholic development agencies known by the acronym CIDSE, hailed the encyclical as helpful to their work, saying that it might convince wealthier countries to "make up for broken promises" to the developing world.
"Political leadership in resolving the (global economic) crisis is lacking and developing countries continue to suffer the direst consequences," said Bernd Nilles, secretary-general of the organization based in Brussels, Belgium. "It’s time for true reform and solidarity in the fight against global poverty."
"Economic processes should serve justice, one of the two dimensions of true human development set out by the pope," said Rene Grotenhuis, president of CIDSE and director of Dutch Cordaid. "Every economic decision has moral consequences."
Allan C. Carlson, president of the Howard Center for Family, Religion and Society in Rockford, Ill., said he found it "an interesting departure" that Pope Benedict did not mention the need to ensure a just "family wage" that would allow mothers to remain at home with their children. Such a call has been part of most social encyclicals dating back to Pope Leo XIII’s "Rerum Novarum" in 1891, he said.
Carlson also said the pope "did a nice job of weaving in the bioethical questions with the questions of economic justice."
On population control, for example, Pope Benedict "insists that the problems of hunger and poverty are not the result of the number of people," he said. "He defends human beings as a positive good, when for some population control proponents, they are the problem."
The next day: Pope outlines core themes of Caritas in Veritate
VATICAN CITY, 8 JUL 2009 (VIS) – In his July 8 general audience, which was held in the Paul VI Hall, the Pope spoke about his third Encyclical "Caritas in veritate", which was officially published yesterday.
The Encyclical, explained the Holy Father, highlights the fact that "charity in truth is the principal driving force behind the authentic development of every person and of all humanity. … Only with charity, illuminated by reason and by faith, is it possible to pursue development goals that possess a more humane and humanising value".
The document, he went on, "intensifies Church analysis and reflection on social themes of vital interest to humankind in our century. In a special way it harks back to what Paul VI wrote more than forty years ago in his ‘Populorum progressio’".
"Caritas in veritate", said Benedict XVI, "does not seek to offer technical solutions to the enormous social problems of the modern world. …What it does do is recall the fundamental principles that are indispensable for building human development over coming years". Among these principles it highlights "concern for the life of man, seen as the centre of all true progress; respect for the right to religious freedom; … and the rejection of a Promethean vision of human beings which sees them as the sole architects of their own destiny".
"Upright men and women are needed, both in politics and in the economy, people sincerely concerned for the common good", he said. Referring then specifically to "world emergencies", the Pope spoke of the urgent need to call "public opinion to the drama of hunger and of food security", which "must be faced decisively, eliminating the structural causes which produce it and promoting agricultural development in the poorest countries".
"The economy needs ethics in order to function correctly. It needs to recover the important contribution of the principle of gratuitousness and the ‘logic of giving’ in the economy and in the market, where profit cannot be the only rule. But this is possible only through commitment on the part of everyone, economists and politicians, producers and consumers, and it presupposes a formation of consciences capable of strengthening moral criteria in the elaboration of political and economic projects".
Another necessity, the Holy Father proceeded, "is for all humankind to practice a different lifestyle, one in which each individual’s duties towards the environment are linked to his or her duties towards human beings, considered both in themselves and in relation to others".
Finally, "faced with the vast and profound problems of today’s world", he said, "I indicated the need for a world political authority regulated by law, one that observes the principles of subsidiarity and solidarity and is firmly directed towards attaining the common good, while respecting the great moral and religious traditions of humanity".
The Pope asked the faithful to pray that "this Encyclical may help humankind to feel itself to be a single family, committed to creating a world of justice and peace". He also called upon them to pray for "the heads of State and government of the G8 who are currently meeting in L’Aquila, Italy. May this important world summit generate decisions and directives that serve the true progress of all peoples, especially the poorest".
For the entire text of the encyclical, visit www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20090629_caritas-in-veritate_en.html